Dear Colleagues,
Interested in improving student discussion in your class? Below is some information from Dr. Stephen Brookfield.
Students are most engaged in learning when they’re verbally interacting with course material, the professor, and their classmates, research shows. Yet pulling off a great classroom discussion that involves all students is such a complex and challenging topic that we’ve broken it down into two course modules: one focused on planning effective classroom discussions and another focused on facilitating them.
Fortunately, there are research-based techniques that are known to work. Below are four tips to keep students focused and engaged in meaningful classroom discussions.
1. Start your discussion on the right foot with sentence completion exercises. Using a sentence completion exercise at the start of a discussion session is an excellent way to get students to focus and connect to the topic at hand. First, ask students to complete a thought-provoking sentence related to the discussion topic. Second, have them share their responses with one another, either in small groups (for large classes), or as a whole-class (for smaller classes). Make sure students are jotting down responses that they’d like to hear more about. After all responses have been read, have students begin the discussion by asking about the responses they wanted to hear more about.
Here are a few examples of sentences that you can ask your students to complete:
“What most struck me about the text we read to prepare for the discussion today is…”
“The question that I’d most like to ask the author of the text is…”
“The idea I most take issue with in the text is…”
2. Set clear expectations. “I grade students for participation in class, and I give them a participation rubric, which lists the behavior I’m looking for from them as evidence of good participation. In those behaviors are a lot of questioning items:
“Good participation is when you ask another student to elaborate on something they’ve already said.”
“Good participation is when you ask another student to explain or give an example of something that they’re talking about.”
“Good participation is asking the question that opens up a new area of exploration for us.”
“So I’m trying to train the students as they’re thinking about how they can get their participation marks in this class, trying to train them in the skills of asking different kinds of questions for different purposes.” (From ACUE’s interview with Dr. Brookfield)
3. Encouraging student-to-student interaction is the best way to keep a discussion going. It ensures a lively discussion as opposed to a back-and-forth between you and one or two students. Here are a few prompts that may help guide your responses:
“Sandra has shared an interesting viewpoint on our reading. Who else shares a similar viewpoint?”
“Who would like to play devil’s advocate here? Who sees something we’re all missing?”
“Dave, when you heard Roberto make that comment, what were you thinking?”
If a student asks you a question, you can always respond with, “That’s a good question. What do the rest of you think about that?”
“We haven’t heard much from this side of the room. What would you like to add?”
4. Be a leader in discussions by guiding students appropriately.“Students are not always looking for you to be quiet and to let them take over, which is actually a threatening and challenging prospect for certain students. They want you to model what you’re asking them to do. They want you to give them some directions on how the process should go. They’ll often look for you to bring the discussion back on track if someone is taking it in an irrelevant direction. They’re looking for you to make sure that people don’t dominate. Despite all the ground rules that you have, people will dominate, and it’s your responsibility to say, ‘Well I think we need to to open this up. I’d like to hear what other people think about this.’” (From ACUE’s interview with Dr. Brookfield)
Questions or comments?
Jim O’Connor Ph.D.
Professor and Founding Dean Emeritus of the College of Education and Health Sciences
Director of the Center for Innovative Learning and Teaching, Western Division
Interim Co-Director IT, TUC
Touro University California
1310 Club Drive
Vallejo, CA 94592